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Opinion

What research in south Wales reveals about ‘toxic masculinity’ and why it isn’t a useful term for understanding male behaviour

By Mark Mansfield
Image by Dice Me from Pixabay

Richard Gater, Postdoctoral research fellow at the Wales Institute of Social and Economic Research and Data, Cardiff University

There seem to be as many interpretations of what “toxic masculinity” means as there are uses of the term.

Some believe it’s a way to criticise what they see as specific negative behaviour and attitudes often associated with men. Others, such as broadcaster Piers Morgan, claim that media interest in toxic masculinity is part of a “woke culture” that aims to emasculate men. Others believe toxic masculinity is a fundamental part of manhood.

My research into working-class young men in south Wales shows how masculinity is changing. Some men remain hostile to the notion of toxic masculinity and see the term as a vehicle for shaming men. And some are caught in a conflict between changing ideas of masculinity and traditional, unhealthy expressions of manhood. This is further complicated by the term itself.

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Overemphasis 

In its simplest sense, toxic masculinity refers to an overemphasis or exaggerated expression of characteristics commonly associated with masculinity. These include traits such as competition, self-reliance and being stoic, which produce behaviours such as risk-taking, fear of showing weakness, and an inability to discuss emotions. These have negative implications for both men and women.

For example, a rejection of weakness and vulnerability may prevent some men from discussing issues such as mental health. Similarly, an inability to express emotion may expose itself through frustration, anger and acts of physical violence.

But masculine traits such as being stoic can equally be valuable in some circumstances, such as emergencies and making lifesaving decisions. In essence, masculinity is complex, diverse and can be expressed in multiple ways.

More than one type of masculinity

However, masculinity that involves courage, toughness and physical strength has historically been held in high regard by society.

Masculinity is socially, historically, culturally and individually determined, and subject to change. It can be influenced by a person’s status, power, place, social class and ethnicity. So, a person’s differing circumstances establish or enable different expressions of masculinity.

For example, traditionally high rates of manual employment in heavy industries and family relationships helped establish the gender roles of the male breadwinner and female homemaker. This reinforced masculine traits such as toughness and stoicism in men.

In recent decades though, the way people in western countries work has changed a lot. Manual jobs have decreased while service sector work has increased. These alterations have contributed to the increase in the number of women working, and their wages have became an important part of household incomes.

Movements like #MeToo and brands like Gillette and its We Believe: The Best Men Can Be advert have led to further examination of masculinity. They have challenged negative expressions of masculinity, encouraging men to change their behaviour and instead adopt a more positive version of masculinity.

Against this backdrop, we urgently need to reassess what the current research tells us about men and masculinity.

Men are changing

Some studies suggest that men are changing their behaviour as society and the economy change. For example, studies of white, middle-class men who attend university have found that they are more likely to express their emotions verbally and physically.

But critics of that idea say that such young men can transgress typical notions of masculinity because of their higher social status.

A new wave of qualitative research has shown that some working-class young men are changing their behaviour. They are more open about their emotions, admit to feeling vulnerable and have more egalitarian views on housework. However, they still sometimes use sexist and homophobic language.

My recent study is part of a growing criticism of how masculinity is defined and talked about. I carried out my research at a youth centre and focused on a group of working-class young men aged between 12 and 21. I talked to the young men about their school experiences, work ambitions and looked at their behaviour.

The study was based in the Gwent valleys, a former coal mining community. It is a place known for its traditional ideas of masculinity, such as being strong and tough. But also I found that these young men showed softer sides of masculinity, such as empathy, compassion and sensitivity.

These changes and softer sides of masculinity coexisted with behaviours often linked with negative expressions of masculinity, such as violence and crime. I describe this as “amalgamated masculinities”.

My findings strengthen the idea that positive changes in masculinity are happening socially.

Changing the narrative

We must be aware of the harm caused by exaggerated masculine traits but language like “toxic masculinity” can be unhelpful. We should focus on promoting the benefits of positive expressions of manhood, such as emotional openness and empathy.

We should also do more work to try to understand why positive changes in masculinity are happening. Once we understand this, we can think about how to encourage these positive changes to make them more common in society. This could help to make masculinity better for everyone.

This article was first published on The Conversation
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14 comments

Sarah Good

I'm not sure I agree with the definition of toxic masculinity at its most simple. Most men are not toxic. They are still courageous and responsible and kind. More and more of them are talking about their mental health and their fears and feelings and being more involved in the upbringing of their children. Whereas TOXIC masculinity is a manifestation of young men groomed by the likes of creepy men like of Andrew Tate; Piers Morgan; Jordan Peterson; Matt Walsh; Ben Shapiro and many other baseball cap wearing, laughably self-appointed "Alpha Males". They throw tantrums, they gather in herds of "bros", they are firmly "anti-woke" and mock things like having feelings for being "unmanly". They are opinionated, deliberately obtuse, perpetually aggrieved and demonize "modern" women for their own inability to attract a mate, so effectively engages in ersatz pseudo-homosexual relationships with their peers It may not be a helpful way to reach the generation of young (and old) men who have been polluted by the lies of Piers et al. But Toxic masculinity describes it pretty well. We need the majority of decent men mentioned above to step up and provide better role models, by example. I mean they ARE, but for some reason the UK media prefers to platform ranting confused demagogues.

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Sarah Good

Oh and whilst this is an excellent article, I must take issue with this comment "But masculine traits such as being stoic can equally be valuable in some circumstances, such as emergencies and making lifesaving decisions." I am not deriding or decrying men, stoic or otherwise, but Stoicism is not a masculine trait. As a defined and studyable approach to virtue ethics, perhaps. At least in popular culture and usually only the bit about self control and acceptance of the world as it is, not the other bits. Bu this is the everyday life of every woman everywhere. We are well experienced in the art of self control, through immersion in a world where we are judged for absolutely everything we do or do not, and expected to smile sweetly and cede ground when someone with different plumbing disagrees with or disapproves of us. Where we do not have the same levels of support or authority. Also, any mother will tell you that dealing with emergencies and lifesaving decisions is part of the job description although in an ideal relationship the father is just as capable and engaged

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Alice Williams

There are plenty women who would not describe Matt Walsh creepy; on the contrary, they applaud him for calling out the true entitled creeps who, despite their different plumbing, think they have the right to appropriate the language, sports and safe spaces of women and girls.

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In reply to Alice Williams

Sarah Good

Then they have never met him. He is despicable across a whole range of issues, not just your single cause du jour. He’s pretty appalling on women’s rights too, and just as much of a liar. Your enemy’s enemy is truly not your friend. But you do you. I remain an intersectional feminist despite the rotten meat the right wing media has successfully fed you

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TomTom82

The fact you lumped Matt Walsh and Jordan Peterson in a group of creepy men tells me one thing and one thing only. You have obviously never read their work or viewed any of their content. Peterson wants the best for everyone. The fact he focuses more on young men is primarily due to articles like this one.

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Doctor Trousers

"But masculine traits such as being stoic can equally be valuable in some circumstances, such as emergencies and making lifesaving decisions." The capacity to be stoic when stoicism is appropriate is simply a desirable adult trait. The suggestion that this is a masculine trait carries the implication that women lack this capacity. Even just examining traditional gender roles, this is easily contradicted. The traditionally feminine role of nurse has always been the first to calmly deal with the blood and trauma when wounded patients are brought into hospital. If this isn't considered stoicism, it's only because we associate that term with masculinity. I would say that there is a similar issue with the concept of toxic masculinity as there is with that of relative privilege. These concepts come from academic discussion about social justice, where they're to be used in context by people who (should) have been given a full grounding in their meaning and use, but that's perhaps exactly where they should have remained. When you allow them to creep into the general public conversation, through social media, you leave yourself wide open for the right wing culture warriors to remove them from all context and say "look! the lefty nutters think that being a man is toxic! and they're telling you that you're privileged just because you're white!" By all means use these terms appropriately, as shorthand, where there is consensus on their meaning, but if you can't discuss these ideas in plain english, you should consider whether you actually understand them properly yourself.

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Sarah Good

I agree wholeheartedly. Well said

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Steffan ap Huw

This article is guilty of demonstrating the same inconsistent, boring, and indeed harmful, logic that today's progressive ideology is rife with. Why are only men (presumably, cis-gender males) under scrutiny when talking about toxic masculinity? Surely, with transgender thought-mode engaged, masculinity (toxic or otherwise) is a purely subjective term, and therefore may it not be applied to females just as well (since they may be trans-gender men)? And why do we not ever hear about toxic femininity? Of course, because it's the biologicial males who are the villains of humanity, and need re-programming, whereas women have never portrayed an iota of dysfunction, or if they have, it was no doubt some male's fault for provoking it, and he no doubt deserved it. Of course, the above is all irrelevant. If gender is a spectrum, then toxicity claims no specific gender at all, or affixing a gender to toxicity is counter-productive and harmful. People are nice, or they're not. And people can learn to be nicer, if they want to grow. Can we not all agree that the Emperor's new clothes are indeed somewhat lacking in their power to persuade? At least, I'm not taken in.

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Sarah Good

Men are singularly best placed to inflict harm on women. Whilst most men don’t, 97.5% of violent crimes reported against women are carried out by men. 2.5% by women and a tiny amount by the transgender people you felt the need to drag in as a distraction (are you and Alice both in the same single interest Facebook group?) We don’t hear about toxic femininity because the likes of Tate, Walsh, Morgan, Shapiro et al, have not built up an army of tantrumming, belligerent, emotionally confused young women like they have with men. JK Rowling’s had a go, but most of her followers seem to be men too. Again, the vast majority of men are not toxic. But there is a significant enough number of radicalised young men lashing out at everyone, unable to process their own emotions because they believe that feelings are “gay” and their inability to attract a girlfriend are the fault of modern women. It is telling that you see an attack, when everyone here wants them to deradicalise and get better

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Steffan ap Huw

Men are singularly best placed to inflict harm on women. You'd need to qualify this statement a bit, as it's otherwise a bit difficult to accept. Harm comes in many flavours, not just physical violence. Certainly, men are biologically stronger than women, so will have an advantage physically, if violence is inflicted. I wonder how much woman-on-woman violence goes unreported? And when a woman inflicts violence on a man, he is at a disadvantage to report it, since it is emasculating, and often not taken seriously. I find it offensive to label physical violence as a toxic masculinity. It's toxic, for sure, but not the sole domain of the male. That said, because men are physically dominant, the greater burden lies upon them to restrain that power. This manifests in such traditional rules, such as "you don't hit girls". However, this does not give women free rein to inflict violence, nor in any other way to take advantage of that restraint. I muddied the waters (by introducing transgenderism) intentionally, to make the point that attributing masculinity to certain negative, or dysfunctional traits is unwarrented and unhelpful. Violence is violence, for example, and knows no gender. Just because men are physically built to be "better" at it, doesn't make it a male attribute. I find that offensive. I have no idea who Alice is. Your ad hominem attack is offensive and weak. I wholly reject your "appeal to authority", referencing Tate et al. And why have these influencers/thought leaders been so successful? Because post-modern society has failed the confused young men you mention. Far too many have been robbed of patriarchal role models in the home, or are deluged by the progressive propaganda that they are inherently toxic or even evil, invalidating their emotions and experiences. That would enough to make anyone angry. Do I see an attack? Well, as I mention above, I find the wording 'toxic masculinity' unnecessarily gendered, and therefore attacking. I am against toxicity, wherever it manifests.

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In reply to Steffan ap Huw

Sarah Good

Violence against Women and Girls report every single year since it was released. It is compiled from data reported by the police authorities of England and Wales on reported violent crimes against women and girls. EVERY YEAR men account for 97.5% of all violent crimes against women and girls up to and including rape and murder. (And the NUMBER of violent crimes against W&G continues to rise). Women are responsible for 2.5%-ish and the transgender people you dragged in apropos of nothing, about 0.02%. These are the facts. The data. Should you want to post data to support your claims of women attacking men, or your claims of women attacking women going unreported I will read it with an open mind. And yet the biggest threat to women remains violent men. And men who resort to violence are displaying toxic masculinity. NOTE: For clarity I am referring only to the toxic, violent minority of men. The desperately masculine bro-dude armies of Tate, Morgan, Peterson and Walsh. I won’t address the rest of your post. There was nothing else there to discuss

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In reply to Steffan ap Huw

Jeff

I was shocked a few years ago when I saw the official figure for harm either way. Male violence on women is in orders of magnitude greater than women on men, that was reported and events evidence through the legal system. The problem is men. My gender.

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Shân Morgain

When the test result arrived tellng me I was carrying a male I was horrified. But I set to investigate how to bring up a real person not just a mere man. My beloved was right there with me, an exceptional man. I learned that in societies where men are expected to be tough, and separate from home for long periods for hunting, war or working elsewhere, little boys are removed from mothers to live with men. I learned that we touch boy babies less, talk to them less and in rougher tones. So I kept my babe close, and embraced him with cuddles and cooing talk - not difficult. War toys were banned, clothes were soft and pretty colours (hard to find for boys). Etc etc. By the time he was 7 he was highly independent and thoughtful, a gentle person who enjoyed judo later other martial arts. As an adult he remains close to us, recently our devoted carer. He tends to be stoical but also loving, and when necessary can stand up to bullying by local gangs or police. So it can be done. We ned to train boys and REtrain men into being fully human. Tell them, show them, insist, insist. Toxic masc doesn't make them happy after all.

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Bethan

This is a very interesting topic but it gets out of hand fast. Both sexes are equally on the defensive I think as a result of a historical and ongoing reinforcement of stereotypes. We hear a definition that doesn't remotely resemble ourselves or people we know and it just rubs the wrong way. There were stereotypes in this article that grated on me. I'm an adult, heterosexual, cis-female. Self-sufficient, stoic, pragmatic, logical. I practice combat sports, make things out of wood, enjoy outdoor stuff, like my own space. I exhibit a lot of traits that would suggest I'm a toxic-male apparently 😧! If you met me or saw me in the street you probably wouldn't guess that though. It's the same for all of us. Making assumptions about a person based on something as trivial as sex just doesn't make sense and it's dismissive to the individual and all their complexities, flaws and nuances. The idea of the typical man or woman is such a new construct when we consider human history in its entirety. I do think it was constructed by certain men for whom it served and was perpetuated by both men and women for centuries. If we go back to the origin of gender roles though, or even pull up gender roles during times of universal hardship in history, the differences are so subtle compared to what society is arguing about today. Men and women can both perform the same functions apart from the obvious reproduction related differences. If a woman was alone in a life threatening situation, biologically she is just as likely to survive as a man in that situation. Humans are tough, resourceful animals. The idea that women are soft and emotional or men are callous and selfish. These things sound like they're said by people who haven't met anyone of the opposite sex before. The Ken and Barbie image of humans. It's false. There have always been short men who love to chat or large men who hate confrontationband there have always been tall, muscular women who assert dominance or intellectually superior women who are respected by their community. It's not abnormal that men and women don't fit one mold because the molds aren't natural, we just have trouble acknowledging our own variation through the ages. Humans are humans. We come in all shapes, sizes and temperaments regardless of sex. Some of us are jerks some of us are wonderful. Sex doesn't really distinguish. I think maybe it's not the other sex that we have a problem with so much as we're suffocated and resentful of these rigid, trite identities we have to smile and play along with. We need to take each other more seriously, maybe take ourselves less seriously, ignore the media chatter, throw out preconceptions and get to know people as individuals because we're basically all the same beast for better or worse.

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Replying to Sarah Good Cancel

I agree wholeheartedly. Well said

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