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Opinion

Should we be using the word Welsh to describe ourselves?

By Mark Mansfield

Gareth Ceidiog Hughes

 The origin of the word Welsh is not pretty.

Because of that there are those who don’t believe that the Welsh should refer to each other as, erm, well, Welsh.

They believe that everyone should use the word Cymry, which of course is the Welsh language word for the Welsh people. I bring this up because I was once accosted for using the term Welsh to describe my fellow countrymen and women.

The argument goes like this.

The etymology of the word Welsh is rooted in less than flattering connotations. It is derived from the old Germanic word walha. It is a variation on a common word used hundreds of years ago by Saxons to mean foreigners or outsiders. Germanic tribes invaded England in the fifth century, and this is how they referred to the native Celtic population, whom they displaced, murdered or enslaved.
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It takes quite the brass neck to rock up to someone else’s land and then call them the foreigners. That combination of chutzpah and a lack of self-awareness can be seen to this day with ‘expats’ who move to the Costa del Sol, refuse to learn Spanish, and then complain about immigrants moving to the UK.

They used the word Wēalas to describe their lands; lands they went on to nick of course. That is where the word Wales comes from.

I cannot imagine that the Saxons who first called us walha or Welsh used the word in anything other than a pejorative manner.

Variations of the word can be found in other countries, such as Walloon part of Belgium.

The contrast with the far more benign etymology of the word Cymry is rather stark.

It is derived from the Old Welsh word combrogi, meaning fellow-countrymen or compatriot. Cymru is the land of the compatriots. I rather like the sound of that.

When the etymology of the two words are compared side by side it is clear that Cymry is preferable to Welsh.

It is certainly true that the historical roots of the word Welsh are ugly. But out of ugliness, beauty can sometimes emerge.

The meaning of the word Welsh has changed over the years. It no longer means what it did. It no longer means foreigner. I very much doubt that most Welsh people would even know the original meaning of the word - or care all that much even if they did.

I certainly do not regard myself as a foreigner in my own land.

People now call themselves Welsh with pride. That is because the word has been subsumed by a new paradigm. It is the paradigm of the Cymry; the paradigm of the compatriot. This is how it should be understood.

I still prefer the word Cymry, truth be told, and I delight in its etymology. But as a first language Welsh speaker that shouldn’t be a huge surprise. That however does not mean I believe we should be held captive by old meaning when it comes to the word Welsh. It is a perfectly good word and I will continue to use it.

The word has transcended its original meaning. Its meaning is now governed under our aegis.

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45 comments

Dexter Stewart

' People now call themselves Welsh with pride. That is because the word has been subsumed by a new paradigm. It is the paradigm of the Cymry; the paradigm of the compatriot. This is how it should be understood.' Spot on - but it's those 3 feathers that get up my pipe...and spelling cwtsh with a 'ch'...

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Steve Mack

Whose feathers are those plumes?... and whose pipe is that smoking instrument?

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James M

I’m fine with Welsh, but I think there should be a campaign to remove these synonyms from thesaurus.com, replace welsh with any other peoples; Synonyms for welsh bamboozle bilk cheat con deceive defraud dodge duck dupe fleece flimflam fool gull hoodwink sandbag scam shaft stiff sting trick weasel beat around the bush cop out pull a fast one rip off slip out take for a ride take to the cleaners worm one's way out of

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Richard Penderyn

Welsh is just a word we have been conditioned to ...... so Im open minded to reverting to its native name .... Cymry (the people) ... Cymru (the land area)

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jr humphrys

When Finns are asked who they are, they say Finnish, not Suomalainen. Swedes say Swedish, not Svenska. They use these terms at home. So, Welsh we are internationally, and Cymry (Cymro...) when at home in Cymru. If the Chinese become the dominant power and the American century fades we'll have to do some more difficult thinking!

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In reply to jr humphrys

C Winter

Well, I have to disagree on that. Danish don't say they are 'Danes' to people who are also Danish. They say they are 'Dansker'. Swedish say 'Svensker'. Norwegian say 'Norsker'. They would use the terms Danish, Swedish or Norwegian when talking to foreigners, yes. But I live in Denmark (and engaged to a native dane) and I have never heard them interrupt their Danish to include their English-coined 'Danish' as where they are from. Also, Finns will call Finland its native name. They speak Suomi, not 'Finnish'. I think when you approach these things from a native point of view, it is different to the view that is presented to the outside, especially English-speaking, world. Nothing wrong with reclaiming what has been taken from a country. It's the best thing to do!

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Caroline Jones

James, I thoroughly agree with you.

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William.

And they're all English words, no less! Welsh is the senior language of Britain and the Brythonic. Please. Show the respect that is deserved.

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Richard Penderyn

. I think this type of discussion is something for us so called "culturalists" to get onboard with first ..... there are many much more basic facts and ideas to disseminate to the Welsh first ...... I still meet many mainly older people who think Wales is just an English county or Principality Camau bach / Small steps

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Caroline Jones

That is so infuriating!

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Madoc Roberts

I think the word Cymry has the same etymology as the word comrade so that is fine with me.

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M G Griffith

Instead of 'Welsh', I use the term 'Cambrian' more and more when speaking in English.

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Nathan Jones

Might start doing same Cymru Am Byth

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Geoff Chinnock ex ?

I can't understand why we as a nation who are not represented o the union flag or union jack are inclined to shroud ourselves in it if we were. It is a representing our neighbours namely Scotland, England and Northern Ireland. I believe the time is long overdue to address it. Would any Welsh person wrap themselves in the Italian flag for example.

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Nathan Jones

I'd choose Italian flag over Union Jack Cymru Am Byth

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Sibrydionmawr

Wales doesn't appear in the union flag because the Laws in Wales acts, as is explicit in the acts themselves, that Wales was annexed, i.e. basically incorporated as part of England. Which is why we have English law here, and not Welsh law. Contrast this with the separate legal systems enjoyed by both Northern Ireland and Scotland.

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Llinos Phillips

Surely speaking as a 1st language Welsh speaker Cymru is Wales where's Cymraes a Cymro are Women and men in Welsh not Cymry.

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Rhosddu

Cymry means Welshmen or Welsh people (the latter includes women).

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factcheck

Might be worth checking Wales meaning foreigner: https://pedwargwynt.cymru/adolygu/gol/wales-englands-colony Maybe its incorrect.

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Rhosddu

Mae o'n cywir. It's correct, and also meant 'slave', as well as anything of inferior quality. So we're inferior foreign slaves... Personally, I'd like to see Cymro, Cymraes and Cymry come into common usage. And Cymru.

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Gwylon Phillips

I always use Cymru (gwlad) and Cymry (people). Dislike the English names intensely.

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Chris

I am not Welsh but my mum was From Brecon Cymru and my Dad was Irish , I have never really liked the word Welsh so Cymruambyth

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David

And are we a gwlad or a cenedl?

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Huw Davies

Not a big deal really is it ? The thing that matters is our liberty, then we can go on to call ourselves whatever we choose. There again something as simple as "identity" is considered offensive by so many progressive folk who engage in these debates.

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Sibrydionmawr

Ah Huw, I think you're referring to 'intersectionality' there, which, when you think about it, is an idea that actually promotes identity, and how important it is, and that it should never be subsumed for convenience sake, and must always be an equal consideration along with all other factors. Which is why, in Wales, the Welsh identity, and especially the Welsh language are often excluded. How often have you heard of the Welsh language being excluded for reasons of practicality, or lack of resources, or because an organisation couldn't (be bothered) find a Welsh speaker - in Wales FFS! Basically the idea of intersectionality, which is in essence a good idea, is being completely trashed by those who feel that their identity is being threatened by ours! And I guess that those most offended by our identity are those who convinced of the superiority of their own identity. And sadly there are too many English people in Wales who do consider us as semi-barbarians who should be excluded from any consideration of what they consider intersectionality to be, as it would seriously undermine their credentials as genuinely progressive people, exposing them for what they are. Odious as these kinds of people and their helpers are, and let it be known that I'm not referring by any means to all English people in Wales*, the wider picture tends to suggest that these people get away with it largely because too many Welsh retain the traditional servile approach towards the English. There are signs that this is changing, especially amongst a young generation that seems to be far more confident in their Welshness as witnessed recently over the issue of the Cofiwch Dryweryn monument, which has seen it replicated all over Wales, including, much to my amazement, surprise and pleasure, Blackwood. In the context of the above, those people you deem as progressive perhaps don't appear to really be that progressive at all. And it's not all bad, and things are evolving rapidly indeed as shown by our independence movement which, looking at the line up for the next installment at Merthyr on 7th September that seems to reflect the diversity of identity that exists in Wales that collectively identifies itself as Welsh in all its intersectional glory. As a bit of an aside and about the article above, it's a current to use displacement when discussing awkward situations, such as using as an example expats moving to the Costa del Sol when a similar type can often be heard sounding off here in Cymru annwyl. Why save them their embarrassment by referring to the Costa del Sol variety? *There are many who have understood their obligations and have become a part of an unstated, semi-conscious intersectionality that is part of what is best in Wales, who have realised that they don't lose anything of who they are by enthusiastically embracing our language and culture as their own in addition to what they already possess and who bring a leavening to our nation that makes it a better place.

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Jonathan Phillips

Welsh speakers call each other Cymry/Cymro /Cymraes... As let's face it anyone East of Bridgend/Rhyl are not really Cymry anyway. So it's quite handy to have "Welsh" as a band t h at differentiates between English people and Anglicised Cymry.

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Jonathan Gammond

People are incredibly mixed all over this archipelago and have been for at least a thousand years. The mixing accelerated from the 18th century as the Industrial Revolution drew people from across Britain and Ireland to the many economically vibrant areas of Wales, whether that was the coal mines, the iron works, the railways, the ports, the china works, the terracotta factories etc. Obviously there are those who didn't move around but let's not forget the Welsh princes intermarried with the Normans, the Flemings and occasionally even the English so let's ditch the line between Bridgend and Rhyl and leave Wallia Pura and Wallia Marchia to the Middle Ages where they belong. Better to be a mongrel than a pedigree!

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Sibrydionmawr

Really? If you actually knew anything about how Wales industrialised you would know how peculiarly Welsh it remained until after 1860. Yes, industry did rapidly expand in Wales from the second half of the eighteenth century onwards, and even though the demand for labour was massive, Wales' native population growth was more than sufficient to supply that demand - the birth rate in Wales was actually significantly higher in Wales during this period than in England, which had it's own, slightly later industrial expansion to deal with. It wasn't until the 1860s, with the development of the South Wales coalfield that significant English immigration became a feature, as though the Welsh population was still rapidly expanding, it was insufficient to satisfy the demand for labour that existed in the coalfield. For over a century workers in the industries were Welsh, and largely Welsh speaking, and well capable of assimilating immigrant workers. The only significant immigration prior to the 1860s was that from Ireland, which is a period of history where Welsh workers did not cover themselves in glory as considerable hostility was shown towards the destitute Irish who emigrated precisely because Ireland was not allowed to industrialise and who whose population was also expanding as much as the rest of Europe, and for whom, along with their continental European counterparts the only viable option for survival was emigration, largely to the United States where they formed the workforce when that country started to industrialise. That we are mixed is a given, and we are better for that, but that doesn't make us any less Welsh. You seem to be attacking us for something most of us aren't: Welsh 'blood and soil' nationalists. Personally I don't care what bedroom shenanigins the Welsh princes and aristos got up to, in my ideal world they'd be dispatched pretty smartly, and who, in any case, as a footnote to Welsh history, are irrelevant to any consideration of modern Wales.

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Karen Peck

Dear me, let’s trash almost every one in Wales since 70% of the people live east of Bridgend! I don’t mind being “born Welsh with an English Parent” but what you said is plain nasty.

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Daniel Goodman

Wealas is the plural of wealh. Wealas means foreigners and wealh means foreigner. Also, Saxons didn't invade England as it's named after the Angles a Germanic tribe. Genetive 'Engla' and 'land'you get Englaland 'land of the English' in old English or Ænglisc ( as it was called back then). Engle +isc 'of the Angles.' The incoming Germanic folk mixed with the Britons. The old clean sweep 'theory' isn't really favoured... Some say English has a Brythonic substrate but that appears in middle English for some reason. Written Ænglisc texts do not convey a Brythonic substrate.

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Daniel Goodman

Wealh in Englisc was from Proto-Germanic Walhaz which is said to be loan from the Gaulish tribe the Volcæ. Gauls were foreign too ie not Germanic... Walnut comes from Ænglisc wealh hnutu ' foreign nut' so the word didn't exclusively refer to the wealisc.

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Wogan Jones ?????????

According to John Davies in A History of Wales, the word Welsh may derive from a more subtle meaning than 'foreigner', ie 'the Romanized people'. In that sense, the description Welsh could be seen as 'those civilized, cultured buggers who think they're better than us'. And that's us Welsh through and through. That said, I prefer Cymry.

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Ethel

So sorry flagged in error whist scrolling down now l can't unflagg it ?

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Catherine Cole

I like the word Cymry too. I think we need a word that describes the people of Wales that is not necessarily connected to people's use of language. My children and grandchildren were born and brought up in Wales. Half went to welsh language schools, half didn't. I speak Welsh but my husband doesn't. It really makes my teeth itch when people assume that that English speakers in Wales aren't as Welsh as Welsh speakers. I expect ALL my children and grandchildren to have the same opportunities to take part in the cultural life of this country. Having a word that describes one people would be a good start.

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Dani

I have a different take on this https://diem25cymru.org/2019/05/25/wales-is-so-european/

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jr humphrys

Diolch, Dani! So European, this is something everyone here in Cymru should be aware of.

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Andrew Thomas

The word Wealas was used for anyone not of Saxon origin. Therefore, those of Viking extraction were also Wealas

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Annwyn Lewis

When we gain independence THEN we can decide what to call ourselves. For now Welsh with pride and Cymry with calon. Let’s not alienate English speakers at the moment as that would be counter-productive. Now that Maj has given the Buffoon permission to prorogue Parliament let’s hope that has been played to our advantage. Never has there been a better time to have a meaningful dialogue on independence. Neither of them are thinking about the people of ALL UK nations.

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Carole Kinsey

Dwi"n Cym.ro, siarad Cymraeh a byw yn Cyndi. But if im asked in English I'll say Welsh!

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jr humphrys

"Every time I ask people here if they are British, they always say they are Welsh" - African taxi driver to me, in Wrecsam. (btw , Agatha Christie had Hercule Poirot as a Walloon.) Can we now get over this basic stuff, please?

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Rhosddu

(To the taxi-driver): Why wouldn't they denote themselves as Welsh, or Cymry?

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Mawkernewek

The Iñupiat of Alaska have changed their name for their Dene Athabascan neighbours: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/elders-inupiaq-tinaaq-1.5255345 In Common Brythonic, Wales was *Kombrogî, a Welshman was *Kombrogos, the Welsh language *Kombrogikâ. It might take a while to convince the English to phase out Wales in favour of Kombrogî.

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Nathan Lewis Williams

I fully agree, and have been saying this for years. The word Welsh as an adjective can be replaced by the convenient “Cymric” which is similar to the Welsh “Cymraeg” and “Cymreig”. As an aside, I highly recommend John Cowper Powys’ book Obstinate Cymric - he used the world often in his writings. His historical novel Owen Glendower is well worth a read also.

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Richard LONGUES

A Welsh Ph. D in linguistics, Gareth Roberts, states that the name Welsh comes from a huge Old Celtic tribe, the Volques (Tectosages, Arecomici, or even those who lived in Hesse, in today Germany). He says that when the Germanic tribes met the Celts in Britannia, they called them like the Continental Celts they knew, and if Wallas comes from Wolkwes, then it does not have a negative meaning at all. The fact that the Anglo Saxons re wrote their history in Brittania, only speaks negatively about their own selves. I found this version interesting and wanted to share it.

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Rob Owen

From https://old-engli.sh/trivia.php?ID=Wales The Germanic tribes of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes invaded England in the fifth century and also brought along with them the word walha. They used it to refer to the local Romanized Celtic population. But the encounter between British Celts and Anglo-Saxons was not a peaceful one: The invaders quickly displaced, murdered or enslaved the Celtic-speaking peoples. Gildas, a sixth century British cleric, writes about his fellow Celtic countrymen: "Some […] were murdered in great numbers; others, constrained by famine, came and yielded themselves to be slaves for ever to their foes, running the risk of being instantly slain, which truly was the greatest favour that could be offered to them. […] Others remained still in their country, committing the safeguard of their lives, which were in continual jeopardy, to the mountains, precipices, thickly wooded forests, and to the rocks of the seas." (Gildas' On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain, 25) Even though the attackers were the newcomers to the land, they called the ancestral population the wealas, 'strangers.' The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records,    473 A.D. þa wealas flugon þa Englan swa fyr.    '473 A.D. the Welsh fled from the English like fire.'    607 A.D. And her Æþelfried lædde ferde to Legaceastre & þær ofsloh unrim Wealana. & swa wearþ gefylld Augustinus witegunge þe he cwæð, "gif Wealas nellaþ sibbe wið us, hie sculon æt Seaxena handa forweorþan."    '607 A.D. And this year Ethelfrith led a troop to Chester and there murdered a huge number of Welsh people and thus was fulfilled Augustine’s prophecy when he said, “if the Welsh don’t wish peace with us, they shall perish at the hands of the Saxons."' More clearly than in other languages, walha took on the meaning not just of foreigner but of 'the other' in Old English; it became a term for an inferior race, worthy of enslavement. Without mercy or shame, the Anglo-Saxon invaders gradually forced the Welsh from the rich, arable plains of the East to the rough, barren mountains in the West. And these are still the regions where the Celtic-speaking minorities live to this day, Wales '(the land of the) foreigners' and Cornwall, with Corn- referring to the original tribal name of the inhabitants and -wall from Old English 'foreigner.' Welsh comes from the corresponding adjective, welisc, wælisc 'foreign.' Subsequently, the Old English word Welsh even allowed for its interpretation as 'slave.' For example, the Old English rendition of the Old Testament directly translates Latin seruus with wealh. Old English: Se Ebreiscea wealh, þe ðu hider brohtest, eode in to me þæt he me bysmrude Latin: Ingressus est ad me seruus Hebræus, quem adduxisti, ut illuderet mihi. Modern English: 'The Hebrew slave, whom you brought hither, came in to me to ridicule me.' (Genesis 39:17) Another reference to Welsh as a slave comes from Riddle number twelve of the Exeter book. It asks for the name of a thing that first moves around on green meadows, but, once dead, is turned into thongs, shoes or wine flasks, which are then served and cleaned by Welsh slave girls. What could that be? Well, most scholars believe the answer to the riddle should be "leather." The word wealh is also used in a racially discriminatory sense in the Laws of King Ine of Wessex from the late seventh century. The law assigns - even to free wealas - a lower social rank than to an Englishman, as the compensation paid for killing them was lower for the former than for the latter.

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People are incredibly mixed all over this archipelago and have been for at least a thousand years. The mixing accelerated from the 18th century as the Industrial Revolution drew people from across Britain and Ireland to the many economicall...

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